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A solar power system is a renewable energy solution that converts sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) panels. It’s widely used for off-grid, on-grid, or hybrid applications, helping reduce electricity bills and carbon emissions.
Working Principle
Solar Panels (PV Modules) absorb sunlight and generate DC (Direct Current) electricity.
The Inverter converts DC to AC (Alternating Current) for use in homes/offices.
Mounting structures hold the panels in place.
Balance of System (BOS) includes cables, junction boxes, batteries (if needed), and protection devices.
In grid-tied systems, surplus electricity is exported to the grid; in off-grid, it is stored in batteries.
Types of Solar Systems
| Type | Description | Use Case |
|---|---|---|
| On-Grid (Grid-Tied) | Connected to utility grid. No batteries. | Homes, factories, offices in cities |
| Off-Grid | Independent system with battery backup. | Remote/rural areas with no grid |
| Hybrid | Combines on-grid + battery backup. | Critical load systems, hospitals, institutions |
| Rooftop Solar | Installed on building roofs | Residential & Commercial buildings |
| Ground-Mounted Solar | Installed on open land | Large industrial or utility-scale plants |
| Floating Solar | Installed over water bodies | Dams, lakes, large water reservoirs |
Main Components of a Solar Power System
1. Solar PV Panels
Function: Convert sunlight into DC electricity
Types:
Monocrystalline – High efficiency (~20–22%)
Polycrystalline – Lower cost, ~16–18% efficiency
Bifacial – Captures sunlight from both sides
Typical Ratings: 400W – 670W per panel
Lifespan: 25+ years (Performance warranty)
2. Solar Inverter
Function: Converts DC to AC
Types:
String Inverter – For homes/commercial setups
Micro Inverter – Per-panel conversion (small systems)
Hybrid Inverter – With battery support
Efficiency: 95–98%
Protection: Anti-islanding, surge protection, overvoltage, short-circuit
3. Mounting Structure
Function: Supports solar panels securely
Material: Galvanized Iron (GI), Aluminum
Type:
Fixed Tilt
Adjustable Tilt
Tracker (Automatic sun tracking – optional)
Wind Load Rating: Designed for 150–180 km/h wind speeds
4. Solar Battery (Optional)
Function: Stores solar energy for backup or night-time use
Type:
Lead Acid (Tubular, flooded)
Lithium-ion (LiFePO4 – long life, compact)
Capacity: 1 kWh to 100+ kWh (customizable)
Cycles: 1500–6000+ cycles (depending on chemistry)
5. Charge Controller (for off-grid systems)
Function: Manages battery charging to avoid overcharging
Type: PWM / MPPT
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking): Higher efficiency
6. Balance of System (BOS)
Includes:
DC/AC Cables
MC4 Connectors
Combiner Box / Junction Box
Earthing Kit
SPD (Surge Protection Devices)
MCBs, MCCBs, Fuses
Monitoring System (Wi-Fi/GPRS)
Sample Technical Specification – 10 kW On-Grid Solar System
| Item | Description |
|---|---|
| System Type | On-Grid, 3-phase |
| PV Panels | 25 × 400W Monocrystalline (Total: 10 kW) |
| Inverter | 10 kW, 3-phase, string inverter |
| Structure | GI Mounting with 15° tilt |
| Monitoring | WiFi-enabled online portal/app |
| Protection | SPD, Earthing, DC/AC isolator |
| Expected Generation | 40–45 units/day |
| Annual Yield | 14,000 – 16,000 kWh/year |
| Area Required | ~800 – 1000 sq.ft. |
| CO₂ Saving | ~12–15 tons/year |
| Lifespan | 25 years (panels), 10 years (inverter) |
System Sizing Guide (Estimates)
| Daily Usage | System Size | Panel Count (400W) | Area Needed |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5–7 units/day | 2 kW | 5–6 panels | ~200 sq.ft. |
| 10–12 units/day | 3 kW | 8 panels | ~300 sq.ft. |
| 15–20 units/day | 5 kW | 12–13 panels | ~500 sq.ft. |
| 30–35 units/day | 10 kW | 25 panels | ~900 sq.ft. |
Maintenance Requirements
| Task | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Panel Cleaning | Weekly / Bi-weekly (dust-free = higher efficiency) |
| Visual Inspection | Monthly |
| Inverter Log Check | Monthly |
| Battery Maintenance (if any) | Quarterly |
| Earthing & SPD Testing | Yearly |
Key Standards & Certifications
IEC 61215 – PV Panel Performance
IEC 61730 – PV Panel Safety
IEC 62109 / 61683 – Inverter safety and performance
MNRE Approved – India-specific solar approval
ISO 9001 / 14001 / 45001 – Quality, Environmental & Safety
Net Metering Policy – Local electricity board approval for on-grid
Advantages of Solar Energy
Reduce electricity bills up to 90%
Long-term investment (payback in 3–5 years)
Eco-friendly – zero emissions
Low maintenance
Increases property value
Government subsidies available (up to 40% in many regions)